BLUE FOCUS NEWSLETTER- FALL 2024

                                                             BLUE FOCUS NEWSLETTER- FALL 2024

(Perennia’s Wild Blueberry Newsletter)

 

 

Hi, everyone

We are starting to see leaves changing colors in fields. Fall field view is one of the scenic moments near wild blueberry fields! Enjoy!

Before the long weekend, I want to deliver the last production newsletter for this season (2024 Fall Edition). I hope this information can prepare you well for this fall’s management activities and some upcoming events to fill your fall and winter calendars.

Happy Thanksgiving!

Hugh

 

Hugh Lyu

Wild Blueberry Specialist, Perennia

hlyu@perennia.ca; 902-890-0472.

October 11, 2024

Table of Contents: 

 

-        Cumulative Precipitation (January 1- October 1)

-        2024 Wild Blueberry Regional Yield Updates

-        Field Soil Temperature Checking Tool

-        Upcoming Management Recommendations (FALL)

-        Upcoming Events

 

 Cumulative Precipitation (January 1- October 1)

 

We had a decent production season on the weather side in 2024. Still, wetness continues to be an unforgettable factor that impacted agricultural production in some affected regions, which caused a significant yield reduction in those places.

Jeff Franklin prepared this graph, summarizing the cumulative precipitation from January 1 to October 1 from the Kentville Research Weather Station. This data would give us a general idea of the province's wetness status for the current season and some historical trends.

When comparing the current season (red line) to the 10-year average (black) and 2023 (blue), we had a long and wet period from mid-July to the end of August in 2024 (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Kentville Research Weather Station Cumulative Precipitation from Jan 1 to Oct 1, 2024 (Provided by Jeff Franklin, AAFC).

2024 Wild Blueberry Regional Yield Updates

 

Although harvesting has been completed for over a month, I haven’t received the final yield numbers for all regions. I have limited sources and information, but that’s the closest I got (Figure 2). I listed what we predicted in mid-July and a better yield prediction after the picking season.

We overestimated, and we could be looking at less than 300 million lbs for 2024 wild blueberry yield (Figure 2). In Nova Scotia, we might end up lower than the 5-year provincial average (45 million lbs). All regions shared some common production challenges in this production cycle, such as rainfall, adequate pollination weather, and higher insect pressures (SWD and Blueberry Maggots).

Figure 2. 2024 Wild Blueberry Yield Updates: July Prediction VS Now.

 

In this blog post, I discussed some points related to yield reduction. If you haven’t seen it, here is the link: http://www.novascotiawildblueberryblog.com/2024/08/why-are-we-seeing-inconsistent-yields.html. Besides those points I already mentioned, here are a few additional points.

I have discussed the weather and above-ground parts, and here are some points related to the risks of having wet soil during a crop growing season.

We have two wet production seasons back to back, and many wild blueberry fields were saturated for a long time. Excess water could impact the soil and crop environment through oxygen depletion, root respiration reduction, changes in vital plant processes, and the production and accumulation of phytotoxic compounds, such as ethylene. A saturated soil condition could hamper plant growth and cause yield losses. In the wild blueberry example, the excess water in both sprout and crop years impacted plant shoot elongation & maturing (tip-dieback stage) and fruit bud formation since the summer of 2023.

 

Field Soil Temperature Checking Tool

 

Soil temperature is one of the critical factors for a successful Kerb application and hair fescue control. We recommend growers wait until the soil condition is cool enough but before frozen to apply Kerb. The optimum soil temperature is between 0 to 10 degrees Celsius.

To check soil temperatures from 44 weather stations in wild blueberry fields across NS, go to the weather page of the wild blueberry blog: http://www.novascotiawildblueberryblog.com/p/weather.html.

 

Click on the weather stations you want to check and continue to click on the Live Data Link. Once you are on a different page, scroll down to the bottom and find this information: “Temperature Probe.”

 

 

Upcoming Management Recommendations (FALL)

 

Two key activities are happening in wild blueberry fields this time of the year:

Mowing:

The amount of vegetation in your crop fields might slow you down if fields contain dense blueberry canopy and large weed patches, like sheep sorrel, goldenrods, and grasses. More blueberry vegetation is expected in most crop fields due to the overgrowth of blueberry plants during this cycle. We discussed 2-pass mowing before, which can be an excellent technique to save mowing fuel this year.

 

Herbicide application in mow fields:

I don’t want to discuss herbicide application in your sprout fields. We have limited herbicide options, and if you really want to do something about sprout fields, spot treatment would be a better choice.

Many of you might be struggling with blueberry-like woody weeds like lambkill, huckleberry, and Rhodora or want to use Glyphosate products to spot control weeds; here is a helpful factsheet about this topic from NB:

Fall Glyphosate Use for Lambkill Control: https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/10/pdf/Agriculture/WildBlueberries-BleuetsSauvages/C470-e.pdf.

 

Before or after mowing, a fall herbicide application might be needed depending on field weed populations.

Why is Post-Harvest fall weed control important? Here is a short article discussing this topic. It discusses the rationale behind the fall herbicide program and some environmental factors related to fall herbicide application. It is worth a read. Here is the link: https://wssa.net/2024/10/post-harvest-weed-control-helps-minimize-spring-weed-emergence/.

 

Fall Wild Blueberry Herbicide Programs:

The three major weed species requiring a broadcast spray are sheep sorrel, mosses, and hair fescue grasses.

·        Sheep sorrel: there are approved chemicals that growers can use in the fall and in the spring for this weed. Generally speaking, a spring application is more economical and potentially more effective if you only deal with a small amount of sheep sorrel. If crop fields contain a high population of sheep sorrel and big sizes, growers might need to consider a fall application and re-assess the situation in the spring.

·        Mosses: fall is a better and safer window for moss control.

·        Hair fescue and other grasses: we have several herbicides that can be used for grass control in the fall. Air and soil temperatures and moisture in the soil are critical factors to watch for a better control result.

·        Here is another article about fall weed control, specifically for wild blueberries. https://www.atlanticfarmfocus.ca/farm-focus-august-2022/2022/10/5/fall-is-a-good-time-to-manage-weeds-in-wild-blueberry-fields.

 

Upcoming Events

 

1.      Agri-Stability and Agri-Invest Virtual Education Session for Wild Blueberry Growers

Oct 22, 2024; 3-3:45 PM @ Zoom. Please see the details below:

 

 

 

2.     WBPANS AGM: November 21& 22, 2024. Please see the details below:

 

3.     Agricultural Water Information Session: November 28 or November 29. Here is the registration link: https://s.surveyplanet.com/c769lzwd. Details below:

 

 

4.     Lastly, please regularly check Perennia’s Agriculture Learning Opportunities page for upcoming in-person and virtual events: https://www.perennia.ca/learning/agriculture-learning-opportunities/. 

Why Are We Seeing Inconsistent Yields in the 2024 Wild Blueberry Harvesting Season?

Hi, everyone

We are more than halfway through this year’s harvesting season in Nova Scotia. Mother nature has greatly supported bringing decent weather over the last two weeks. The weather in the province for the next two weeks looks decent, according to the forecast.

We have heard from growers about the yield situation in NS, which is concerning for some regions and fields. The keyword to describe 2024 NS’ wild blueberry yield is “Inconsistency”.

There are some yielding well fields, but some claimed below average to poor yields. In those disappointing fields, growers didn’t see the consistency between estimated yield vs final yield. They also reported the inconsistency in yields from different patches and areas of the same field.

The first inconsistency is the yield differences from average to good yield anticipation after bloom to below average or poor yield outcomes. In mid-July, we had a good feeling about this year’s crop and we estimated this year’s yield would be around 50-55 million lbs at that time. Based on growers’ reports and comments from some receiving stations, we will be lower than this estimation. The good side is that the berry quality looks great this year. We have good-sized and firm berries.

The second inconsistency is the yield differences between production/ micro-climatic regions, areas/ patches within the same field, and lastly, yield variations under the same management program from the same farming operation. All those differences are closely linked to fields’ weather patterns in this production cycle (2 years), field topography and soil conditions, management input (fertilizer and pest management products), pollination, and more.

Why fields did do poorly and why did a field have very low to almost no fruits in some areas? In this blog, we quickly summarized all possible yield reduction factors that might hurt your crop in 2024.

They are:

-          Weather- Rainfall from June to August 2023

-          Weather- Conditions from November 2023 to March 2024

-          Weather- 2024 production season weather challenges

-          Pollination

-          Field input level

 

Weather- Rainfall from June to August 2023

Do you remember we had a very wet summer in 2023? That’s not a good thing that we want to remember but the 2023 summer rainfall seemed to have a long-lasting impact on agricultural production, especially in this year’s wild blueberry yield. A challenging and gradually changing climate brings more frequent and intense weather events to NS which impacts farming, resulting high risk of crop losses and higher production input needed in pest management. In 2023, we had wet bloom periods and a long-wet summer. The amount of rainfall from June to August was almost 2-3 times more than the provincial average in 2023 in NS, and the differences between regions were significant, eg. Most of Cumberland areas- ~500-600+ mm vs Guysborough- ~600-800+ mm (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Summer Rainfall from June to August 2023

 

This unusual weather pattern impacted 2024 wild blueberry yields in the following areas:

·       Increased weed pressures

In general, last year’s sprout fields would have high weed pressures, particularly in fields without herbicide input and fields with too much fertilizer input. In order to keep fields clean, growers would need to have higher herbicide input but there is a lack of capacity to achieve this goal due to multiple reasons.

Red sorrel is one of the top concerning weeds in crop fields this year. Red sorrel competes with wild blueberries for nutrients. Red sorrel infestation in wild blueberry fields also reduced blueberry pollination efficiency by attracting pollination forces to red sorrel and other flowering plants’ blooms. As a result, growers might experience low to poor yield in areas with nearby blooming weed patches. Different growers might have different major weed problems, and red sorrel is a major weed issue that reduces field productivity across all production regions in NS.

 

·       Increased leaf disease pressures

A wet summer and early fall also contributed to higher leaf disease pressures and higher fungicide inputs in 2023. If fields weren’t treated with proper leaf disease management fungicides last year, there could be a direct effect on plant health, particularly in fruit bud development and yield potential.

 

·       Abnormal wild blueberry plant development

 

The primary reason for the abnormal plant development for the 2023-2024 fields was the oversupplying of water and nutrients. The following factors might worsen the rainfall effect on blueberry’s development if your fields have:

 

a.      Field topography and soil conditions. From observations, areas with those features seemed to do better than others: side hills, sandy areas, flat areas, or any areas without water accumulating for a long period of time. Each field’s condition is different, so we are seeing yield variations from field to field, and even within the same field.

b.      High fertilizer input. This is one of the primary and direct nutrient sources for sprout blueberry plants in 2023. There might be still a good amount of nutrients from last year to supply this year’s crop fields and that’s why we are seeing many secondary or new stem growth in crop fields this season (Figure 2). With the help of well-saturated soil, granular fertilizer is easier to dissolve and ready to be taken up by plants.

 

            Figure 2. A large amount of secondary new growth in a fruiting wild blueberry patch

 

c.      Fields in micro-climatic areas with higher rainfall amounts than other production regions in 2023, like Pictou, Guysborough, and HRM (Figure 1). Generally speaking, fields in the above areas have more secondary vegetation growth.

d.      Fields received more than the average amount of rainfall or intense rainfall events in the 2024 season. Through the communications with growers and the wild blueberry weather station data, we learned that some areas/fields received a significant amount of rain in a very short time frame. If you are concerned about yield, maybe a nearby weather station can provide some background information to explain the reasons.

 

Any factors that contribute to bringing more water to fields and making water sit in fields might worsen the rainfall effect and result in a wide range of abnormal growth areas in fields.

What’s an abnormal growth and development for wild blueberry plants? We have a general and reliable understanding of a normal wild blueberry plant from the periods of concern would be producing different plant parts in the optimum timings and allowing fruit buds to get productive by staying healthy and receiving adequate nutrients and heat.

A general timeline of the wild blueberry crop development schedule can be found under this factsheet: https://www.perennia.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Nova-Scotia-Wild-Blueberry-Crop-Development-Schedule-and-Management-Recommendations-2024.pdf. In NS, sprout wild blueberry stems grow leaves up to mid-July and under the right condition, sprout stems will reach tip dieback stage (Figure 3). The tip dieback is a sign of sprout stems stop elongating and start fruit bud formation. Ideally, sprout wild blueberry plants should start producing fruit buds by the end of August.

Figure 3. Wild Blueberry Tip Dieback Stage

However, with the water and nutrient effects, last year’s plants had vigorous growth which delayed tip dieback and fruit bud formation. Last year’s fall weather was also ideal for plant growth, particularly in September and October 2023 (Figures 7 and 8). The status of fruit bud formation and development will determine yield potential, and because of the uniqueness of each clone or area, you might experience:

a.      Good and timely bud formation.

When fruit buds were formed properly, they developed into strong and productive buds which gave a picture of super bloom and some bumper areas and fields (Figure 4).

 

Figure 4. A productive wild blueberry patch

 

b.      Late bud formation.

A late bud formation resulted in yield reduction by delaying plant development in blooms and fruits. In harvested fields, the percentage of green and red berries was higher than normal (Figures 5 and 6).

 

A late bud formation could also impact berry size and quality.

 

 

 

Figures 5 (top) and 6 (bottom) Large amounts of green and unripe berries in a ready-to-harvest field

 

c.      No fruit bud formation before the end of the sprout year.

This situation caused the most damage to yield than the last one. If no fruit buds were produced before the beginning of the crop year, those stems continued their life cycle by producing and developing newly formed fruit buds this year, which created competition in the same plant. Those affecting plants needed to supply nutrients for fruit development and unnecessary fruit bud formations in a cropping year. In the same wild blueberry crop plant, we observed fruit production, fruit bud formation, blooming, and late green and red fruits at the same time in cropping fields. We didn’t see good field uniformity in terms of wild blueberry growth stages which made this year's management schedule harder to plan and caused some percentages of yield reduction. 

 

d.      The last point is not about fruit bud formation but the amount of new secondary growth in a cropping field is concerning (Figures 2 and 6). Because of our decent growing season, we also observed many new sprout stems produced in cropping fields, which continue to develop into further stages. This creates competition within the same blueberry plant when multiple plant stages occur in the same growing season. This unnecessary plant growth depleted growing resources and influenced wild blueberry plants’ normal physiological plant development cycle.

Growers need to examine each individual field to understand which situation impacted yield. A secondary growth is best to see before harvesting but a harvested field can provide information on how much resources were wasted to produce non-fruit parts in your fields.

 

Weather- Conditions from November 2023 to March 2024

 

I don’t think this point caused a high and wide range of concerns regarding the yield. During this period, we were concerned about above-average warm air and soil temperatures (Figures 7 and 8). This might have impacted overwintering stems and fruit buds with the concerns of overwintering kill and chilling requirements for good fruit sets. Fields with uncovered wild blueberry patches by snow were in a greater risk environment for winter and spring damage.

Figure 7. Air temperatures in Kentville Research Weather Station, Oct 1, 2023, to March 15, 2024

Figure 8. Soil  temperatures (5 cm) in Kentville Research Weather Station, Oct 1, 2023 to March 15, 2024

 

The biggest concern with warmer temperatures, particularly in the soil level, was one of the reasons why this year’s crop developed rapidly ahead of the normal schedule, especially during the bloom period. This caused early ripening in some fields which brought a greater risk for yield reduction because of natural fruit dropping or wildlife. We were already a few days earlier than last year’s first harvesting date. A receiving station that I followed opened on August 11 2023 and in 2024, they opened on August 1. I think some fields might experience a small percentage of fruit losses especially if there were severe leaf diseases in the field.  

 

Weather- 2024 production season weather challenges

Most people would agree that this growing season is probably one of the best in recent years in terms of weather conditions. However, we continue to experience early and warm springs with an early and fast plant development in the region. The biggest concern about this would be the timing of beehive placement in wild blueberry fields. This year, some crop fields were late getting pollination forces and a couple of wet periods might have also impacted pollination efficiency in some areas. We will discuss pollination in the next point. 

We also learned that the impacts of significant weather events were in a regional trend and the weather systems were more intense. This year, the yield differences and variations between neighbouring production regions are big. I think that’s a result of the changing of weather patterns and systems in NS due to climate change.

 

Pollination

Each field has different management inputs before harvesting. Pollination input is one of the biggest variable costs which results in significant yield differences in pollinated and unpollinated fields. Here are some points for you to consider if you think pollination is an issue this year.

1.      Low to no honey bee and bumble bee input could directly reduce yield.

2.      The strength of hives and the timing of hive placement also had considerable impacts on pollination in 2024

3.      Regional pollination weather. Again, it is worthwhile to check the nearby weather station for bloom period historical data.

4.      Red sorrel population. The high red sorrel population increased the competition between wild blueberry blooms and weed species’ flowers (Figure 9).

5.      Late-bloomed areas did not receive adequate and timely pollination because of the water and weather issues we discussed above.

Figure 9. A red sorrel patch in a fruiting wild blueberry field

 

Field input level

In order to get an average yield, growers are expected to have some minimal inputs, such as weed and disease management. Growers might experience a significant yield reduction if the input was reduced, particularly in pollination and herbicide inputs. 

 

I want to thank growers and industry partners for providing the information. If you like to share your harvesting stories, please reach out to me.

I hope everyone finishes harvesting nicely.

-Hugh

BLUE FOCUS NEWSLETTER- July 2024

                                     

 

 

We are very close to Nova Scotia’s wild blueberry harvesting season. We are experiencing a higher risk of SWD and Blueberry Maggot damage this pre-harvest season. Monitoring and spraying as needed are strongly recommended at this point.

I hope everyone has a great and safe harvesting season! 🫐🫐🫐🫐🫐

 

Hugh Lyu

Wild Blueberry Specialist, Perennia

hlyu@perennia.ca; 902-890-0472.

July 31, 2024

Table of Contents: 

 

Nova Scotia Weather Update

Nova Scotia Wild Blueberry Crop Development Update and Management Recommendations

Upcoming Events

 

 

 

Nova Scotia Weather Update

 

2024 Degree Day Accumulations- Kentville, NS: The degree day accumulations are based on the weather data from Kentville weather station, giving us an overall idea of this production season’s temperature trend in Nova Scotia.

 

Figure 1: Heating degree day accumulations for plant (above 5°C) and insect (above 10°C) development from March 1 to July 29 for the past 17 seasons. Provided by Jeff Franklin (AAFC).

-          The degree day accumulations for base 5°C plant development and base 10°C insect development are ahead of the 5- and 10-year averages (Figure 1).

 

 

Table 1.0. Degree day accumulations as of July 29, 2024. All data are taken from the Environment and Climate Change Canada weather station located at the Kentville Research and Development Centre. Calculations are based on a start date of March 1, and calculated using the single-sine method.

 

Category	2021	2022	2023	2024	5-year average	10-year average
Plant development (Base 5ºC)	1179.2	1164.3	1131.2	1196.8	1117.0	1103.7
Insect development (Base 10º)	682.0	671.7	671.7	706.0	647.0	638.1

© His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food (2024).

 

 

Nova Scotia Wild Blueberry Crop Development Update and Management Recommendations

 

From the wild blueberry stations, we have 15 stations across the province, and the GDD accumulations from April 1 to July 1 are shown in Figure 2. On average, we are looking at 1566 GDD. From our past study, the preliminary results suggest that commercial wild blueberry harvesting can start after 1700 GDD (90-95% ripening). However, we are experiencing an early spring which means that plants have a longer and earliergrowing season. Growers might experiencing early harvesting in 2024.

 

Figure 2. Wild Blueberry Weather Stations GDD Accumulation from April 1 to July 31, 2024

 

 

 

Upcoming Management Recommendations

 

1.     Insects, trapping for SWD and Blueberry Maggot:

 

To trap and understand SWD: https://www.perennia.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SWD-factsheet_March2020.pdf.

 

For blueberry maggot: Yellow rectangles coated with sticky material and an attractive bait are used for monitoring the blueberry maggot. When the first capture is found, it is better to give a few days for more adults to emerge.

 

Please remember to check the products’ pre-harvest interval (PHI) and check with your processor before you apply products in the fields.

 

2.     Weeds, start to cut above-blueberry canopy weeds to ease the harvesting process. Also, note down what weeds you have at this time. This information is helpful to develop next year’s weed management program.

 

3.     Leaf disease management in sprout fields. Before you start harvesting, you might want to consider spraying chemicals for leaf disease control. It is possible to run into a couple of wet periods in the next two months in our region, which would favor the disease infection. Therefore, it is important to provide that protection to wild blueberry sprout plants, especially in fields have bad disease infection in the past. The ultimate goal for this activity is to keep sprout plants’ leaves on stems as long as possible so bigger and stronger fruit buds can be produced for the next crop season.

 

 

Blog Post_ July 23, 2024

Hi, everyone

Berries are ripening quickly. From weather station data, personal observations, and growers’ feedback, the ripening % is from 50% to 85%, depending on your area and field conditions. It is an early harvesting season. The earliest areas in the province are looking to begin harvest on August 1. Before that, we still have a few obstacles to address, especially Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) and Blueberry Maggot!

In this post, I will focus on:

-       Nova Scotia GDD and Soil Temperature Updates

-       Wild Blueberry GDD and Crop Stage Updates

-       SWD and Blueberry Maggot Management

 

Nova Scotia GDD and Soil Temperature Updates

Figure 1: Heating degree day accumulations for plant (above 5°C) and insect (above 10°C) development from March 1 to July 22 for the past 17 seasons. Provided by Jeff Franklin (AAFC Plant Physiology).

As indicated in Figure 1, this season’s growing trend continues to be ahead of the provincial averages. This information also explains why we are calling for an early harvest compared to the previous years. From Jeff Franklin’s comments: “This trend is expected to continue so we may finish July with the highest accumulated degree days on record.”

Higher than-average temperatures could contribute to higher and more stable soil temperatures. In Figure 2, the current season’s soil temperature (red line) was above the 10-year average since July. Warm soil temperatures could expedite berry ripening and insect infestations.

Figure 2. Kentville Research Station Soil Temperature

 

 

Wild Blueberry GDD and Crop Stage Updates

 

Let’s take a look at 15 weather stations’ GDD accumulations in different wild blueberry regions and their ripening status.

 

The average for all 15 stations is 1407 GDD (Figure 1). Some of the earliest areas in the Southshore, Hants, Westchester Station, Parrsboro flat, Newville Lake regions are looking around 70-85% ripening, which will be the first few areas to begin harvesting in NS. Thus, we are looking about 50-85% ripening across the province, depending on your situation. Figure 4 is a quick sheet to show last year’s ripening % and GDD numbers, which can serve as reference points to predict this year’s harvest schedule. Around 1700 GDD, crop fields could reach around 90% ripening and also be marked as the harvesting point if growers decide to.

 

Here is another quick tip if you are trying to calculate how many more days before harvesting. The average daily GDD accumulation in July is around 20 GDD, which means this time of the year we are gaining about 20 GDD daily.

 

Figure 3. Wild Blueberry GDD_ April 1 to July 23

 

The latest GDD summary is also useful for sprout fields and their management. All sprout fields in NS are looking above 90% tip die back. Please don’t forget your leaf disease management. Ideally, one application should be done pre-harvest. A second application might be required if wet conditions develop in the late summer.

 

Figure 4. Wild Blueberry Ripening % and GDDs (based on 2023 season data)

 

 

SWD and Blueberry Maggot Management

We are in a very high SWD and maggot pressures season. The key driver is the weather, and berries ripen earlier, which serve as early food sources for emerging adult insects.

Since the beginning of this spring, the soil temperatures have been above the provincial average for the most of time in this growing season, especially in March. Higher soil temperature is favored by insect eggs as they can emerge and develop early.

From field reports, we are seeing early captures and higher numbers of adults in traps. Growers are encouraged to put traps out to monitor. A lot of industry partners are working together to share their monitoring information.

An early first insecticide application might be needed in the next few days for many growers. At this point, I would encourage growers to develop a management plan. Please also double-check with your processors regarding their approved insecticide products. Please continue to monitor for the next few weeks.

 

Lastly, I want to share some information about SWD and Maggots and I hope they are helpful.

SWD- Perennia: https://www.perennia.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SWD-factsheet_March2020.pdf

 

SWD- UMaine: https://extension.umaine.edu/blueberries/factsheets/insects/210-spotted-wing-drosophila/

 

Blueberry Maggot- UMaine: https://extension.umaine.edu/blueberries/factsheets/insects/201-monitoring-for-the-blueberry-maggot/

 

Blueberry Maggot- NB: https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/10/pdf/Agriculture/WildBlueberries-BleuetsSauvages/C230e.pdf

 

 

Have a great harvest season!

 

Hugh